Skip to main content
Choose a signer based on where keys live, how users authenticate, and how many approvals a transaction requires.

​
Native signers

Use native signers when you want direct control without an embedded wallet provider.

ECDSA

Use standard Ethereum keys for server wallets, agents, existing wallet clients, and straightforward integrations.

Passkeys

Use WebAuthn and device biometrics for consumer onboarding without seed phrases.

Multisig

Require a threshold of ECDSA signatures or passkey signatures for shared control.

Multi-factor authentication

Combine different validator types, such as an ECDSA key and a passkey.

​
Managed and external signers

  • Choose an embedded wallet signer when users should sign in with email or social login and manage keys inside your app.
  • Choose an external wallet signer when users already have a browser or mobile wallet and expect to approve requests there.
A signer controls the account but is not the account itself. The signer address and smart account address are different unless you use an EOA or EIP-7702 account type.